Reactive astrogliois | Changes in astrocytes morphology | Changes in molecules expression | |
---|---|---|---|
Upregulated molecules | Upregulated or downregulated molecules | ||
Mild to moderate astrogliosis | • Hypertrophy of cell body | • Structural elements: GFAP, nestin, vimentin | • Inflammatory cell regulators: cytokines, growth factors, glutathione |
• Astrocytes processes are are numerous and thicker | • Transcriptional regulators: STAT3, NFκB, Rheb-m TOR, cAMP, Olig2, SOX9 [61–65]. | • Transporters and pumps: AQP4 and Na+/K+ transporters [61, 66–69] | |
• The non-overlapping domains of individual astrocytes are preserved |  | ||
• Energy provision: lactate [76] | |||
• Molecules implicated in synapse formation and | |||
Severe astrogliosis and glial scar | • Intense hypertrophy of cell body |  | |
• Significant extension of processes |  | • Molecules implicated in oxidative stress and providing protection from oxidative stress: NO, NOS, SOD, Glutathione [67, 68, 79] | |
• Proliferation |  |  | |
• Overlapping of individual domains |  |  | |
• Substantial reorganization of tissue architecture [60] |  |  |