Table 2 Effects of CeA manipulation on pain-related outcomes in different pain models
From: The amygdala between sensation and affect: a role in pain
Pain type a | Pain related outcome b | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Nociceptive behavior | Affective/emotional | Â |
1. CeA lesion | |||
  Naïve | - Reduced morphine-induced, stress-induced and conditioned hypoalgesia |  | |
  Formalin | - Reduced morphine-induced and conditioned hypoalgesia | - Decreased pain-induced CPA | |
  Acetic acid |  | - Decreased pain-induced CPA | [72] |
2. Injection of muscimol | |||
  Neuropathy | - Reduced mechanical hyperalgesia | - Decreased escape/avoidance | [74] |
3. Injection of NMDA antagonist | |||
  Neuropathy |  | - Decreased pain-induced CPA | [75] |
4. Injection of group I mGluRs ligands | |||
  Naïve | - Agonist induced visceral and mechanical hypersensitivity |  | |
- Antagonist reduced visceral sensitivity | |||
  Formalin | - Antagonist reduced mechanical hypersensitivity |  | [77] |
  Arthritis | - Antagonist reduced mechanical hypersensitivity | - Antagonist decreased vocalizations | [78] |
  Neuropathy |  | - Agonist increased, and antagonist decreased, pain-induced CPA | [75] |
5. Injection of group III mGluRs agonists | |||
  Naïve | - Decreased mechanical sensitivity (mGluR7) | - Decreased vocalizations and anxiety | [79] |
  Arthritis | - Increased mechanical sensitivity (mGluR8) | - Increased vocalizations and anxiety | [79] |
6. Injection of cholinergic agonists | |||
  Naïve | - Decreased thermal sensitivity, reduced jaw opening reflex | - Decreased vocalizations | |
7. Injection of noradrenergic α 2 ligands | |||
  Naïve | - Agonist induced mechanical and thermal hypoalgesia |  | |
- Antagonist reduced stress-induced thermal hypoalgesia | |||
  Acetic acid |  | - Agonist decreased pain-induced CPA | [81] |
8. Injection of noradrenergic β antagonists | |||
  Acetic acid |  | - Decreased pain-induced CPA | [81] |
9. Injection of CGRP receptor ligands | |||
  Naïve | - CGRP decreased mechanical and thermal reflexes |  | [59] |
  Naïve | - CGRP increased mechanical reflexes | - CGRP increased vocalizations | [82] |
  Arthritis | - CGRP1 antagonist inhibited the enhanced reflex to mechanical stimulus | - CGRP1 antagonist decreased vocalizations | [83] |
10. Injection of CRF receptor ligands | |||
  Naïve | - CRF decreased mechanical and thermal sensitivity |  | [58] |
  Naïve | - CRF increases mechanical sensitivity | - CRF increased vocalizations | [84] |
  Arthritis | - CRF1 antagonist reduced mechanical hypersensitivity | - CRF1 antagonist decreased vocalizations and anxiety | |
11. Injection of oxytocin, vasopressin, neurotensin, galanin | |||
  Naïve | - Decreased mechanical and/or thermal sensitivity |  | |
12. Injection of opioid receptors ligands | |||
  Naïve | - Morphine and β-endorphin induced mechanical and thermal hypoalgesia | - Morphine decreased vocalizations | |
13. Corticosterone implants | |||
  Naïve | - Sensitized visceromotor reflexes to colorectal and urinary bladder distension and to somatic mechanical sensitivity | - Increased anxiety | |
14. BDNF gene deletion in the PB-CeA pathway | |||
  Naïve | - Decreased morphine-induced mechanical and thermal hypoalgesia |  | [68] |
15. Intracellular effectors | |||
  Naïve | - ERK activator induced mechanical hypersensitivity |  | [30] |
  Formalin | - ERK activation inhibitor decreased mechanical hypersensitivity |  | |
  Arthritis | - ERK activation inhibitor and PKA inhibitor decreased mechanical hypersensitivity | - ERK activation inhibitor and PKA inhibitor decreased vocalizations | [91] |